The highest and lowest ten ratings of forty-four dimensions for related KPIs of a smart city in the literature review are defined in Table 7. The other critical result of this research is efficient and integrated urban management, environmental monitoring and management, public and social services, productivity and efficiency and data management in urban development and sustainability are found to be the highest important dimensions. However, housing/livelihood quality, the flexibility of the labour market, smart tourism and smart healthcare are found to be the lowest ratings of dimensions. Smart/sustainable city planning has been revealed for the development of the lives of urban citizens and increasing civic services/assets; also, given the closeness of modern technology, citizens’ requirements and tools of interacting with their regional administrations is changing (Nitoslawski et al., 2019). At this critical point of change, cultural development, innovation, and entrepreneurship are the main dimensions to be considered. Since, culture is a concept that social, emblematic, and economic implications can mention people's customs, religions, and attitude, or economic activities based on symbolic values, artistic creation and creative skills also are a key for involved improvement, strengthening social ties and solidarity, and promoting innovation and creativity (Montalto et al, 2019).
4. Discussions
Modern cities tackle numerous economic, social, and spatial troubles, together with which they perform in an extremely volatile environment, which pushes them to seek an optimum development model. Nowadays, countless concepts/models (such as eco/ green/ compact/ smart/ slow/ resilient/ agile/ sustainable city etc.) of urban development have been discussed by researchers. In this section, the model/concept of smart city frameworks/performance indicators/assessment tools is researched and discussed in detail in the literature.
Cities act a crucial part socioeconomically and environmentally at a global level. The city infrastructure appeals to numerous people looking at the advantages of urbanisation over the conventional rural lifestyles inside various cultural contexts. The United Nations (UN) estimates that almost 7 billion people will inhabit in urban fields by 2050 (Streitz, 2015). Some other 1.3 million people around the world move into a city every week (Carter, 2020). Consequently, cities and their executives are meeting myriad difficulties and opportunities as their facilities and infrastructure are placed under ever enhancement levels of pressure (Breetzke and Flowerday, 2016). A rising trend is that manage the impact of these difficulties and opportunities in the usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among an accessible integrated infrastructure for a concept of smart city (Ismagilova et al., 2019). Numerous cities are focusing their struggles to be “smarter” by using ICT to develop different ways of city management and operation, including regional traffic control, offer upscale life for people, transportation, economy, on-line applications of public services and environment (Li et al., 2017). Smart cities are innovations for the improvement of targets in the quality of life and development by the utilization of smarter approaches and technology (Lim et al., 2019). Smart cities have been researched extensively for almost three decades and there are many ways of looking at them. Smart city studies first arose in the year 1992 in which “The Technopolis Phenomenon: Smart Cities, Fast Systems, Global Networks” (Gibson et al., 1992). Then, Graham and Marvin (1996) began the research of the link between ICTs and urban fields with “Telecommunications and the City”. Some studies in this recent field of knowledge are from Mitchell, 1995, 1999, 2003; and Castells, 1996). In the early 2000s as the best efficient research was “urban ICT studies”, Graham (2004) accomplished to research “the complex and poorly understood set of relationships between telecommunications and the development, planning and management of contemporary cities”. In the study of ICT-driven urban development and innovation have engaged the attention of researchers (Mora et al., 2017). The key centre of smart cities is on the act of ICT infrastructure. The plenteous environmental concerns as a significant motive of urban development at the part of relational/social capital and education/human capital (Komninos, 2002; Shapiro, 2008; Deakin, 2010).
Many definitions for “Smart Cities” in use globally, but smart city defines as “a new concept and a new model, which applies the new generation of information technologies, such as the internet of things, cloud computing, big data and space/geographical information integration, to facilitate the planning, construction, management and smart services of cities” according to SAC (ISO/IEC 2015). In literature, meanwhile, there is not any certain description of a smart city, a few basic dimensions of a smart city have been described (Giffinger et al., 2007; Fusco Girard et al., 2009; Van Soom, 2009). These dimensions cover "smart” governance/environment/mobility/economy/living/people. Briefly, "education" (e.g., e-governance or e-democracy), “technical infrastructure” (e.g., transportation or logistic), "industry" (e.g., business parks or districts), "participation" (e.g., government administration, citizens), and various “soft factors” (e.g., security/safety, green, efficient and sustainable energy) are defined in the literature regarding smart city (Giffinger et al. 2007; Lombardi et al. 2012). In addition to them, Anthopoulos (2015) and Anthopoulos et al., (2016) have defined seven utilization areas of smart cities: “resource, transportation, urban infrastructures, living, government, economy, and coherency” thus they founded the theoretical structure of smart cities. While academics maintain to qualify smart cities as a recent and up-and-coming subject of research, the study of conceptualising and describing is still on-going (Townsend, 2013; Kitchin, 2014; Christopoulou et al., 2014; Greco and Cresta, 2015; Albino et al., 2015; Fernandez-Anez, 2016). On the other hand, the technology-focused vision of smart cities generally positions smart cities like cash cow and expects to produce a lot of money (Zanella et al., 2014). This rising market provides an opportunity for various growth initiatives, especially in a period of recession (Paroutis et al., 2014), big firms such as ABB, Fujitsu, IBM apply information and communication technologies as tools for smart-city development to motivate urban innovation. Nevertheless, this "corporate smart-city model" is condemned since it has not successfully explained the cultural and social developments of smart-city manner except for technological terms (Mora et al., 2017). Regarding this censure, Shin (2010) showed the failure of this model empirically and highlighted the shortcomings of the firm and technology-focused development for smart cities. Likewise, Shwayri (2013), Townsend (2013), Yigitcanlar & Lee (2014) and Yigitcanlar (2016) reported in some samples of these smart cities. On the other hand, from the recent studies, a holistic approach of smart cities has risen to base on human-centric vision ovation, the balanced integration of economic, social, cultural, technological, environmental, and human sides (Townsend, 2013; Hemment and Townsend, 2013; Komninos, 2014; Christopoulou et al., 2014; Angelidou, 2014; Concilio and Rizzo, 2016; Hollands, 2015, 2016). After all, Mora et al., 2017 have underlined that “the knowledge necessary to understand the process of building effective smart cities in the real world has not yet been produced, nor have the tools for supporting the actors involved in this activity”. In a nutshell, smart cities have factors such as "community", "technology", "policy"; the inclusive conceptual vision of the framework centres on finding the results in the development areas, i.e., “economy”, “society”, “environment”, “governance” which are associated with five results "productivity", "sustainability", "accessibility", "wellbeing", "liveability", "governance" (Yigitcanlar et al., 2018). In addition to them, Sharifi (2019, 2020) has examined the strengths and weaknesses by evaluating thirty-four topics/schemes between smart city indicators. The results have shown that the widely known topics/themes are: "economy", "people", "governance", "environment", "mobility", "living" and "data".
5. Conclusions
SIMURG_CITIES, the relational database model of performance-based development and evaluation of built environment entities at cities level with an emphasis of “sophisticated solutions” such as slow, green, safe, smart, resilient, etc. in a comparative way have been developed. This study analysed the KPIs at «Cities Level» for smart city concept by using meta-analysis technique and literature reviewed that has been issued in three best reputable urban journals from 2017 through 2020. Environment, economy, governance and data management were found to have domain themes, as well as efficient and integrated urban management, environmental monitoring and management, public and social services in urban development and sustainability, are found to be the highest important dimensions of urban and regional planning. In addition to these, smart tourism, smart healthcare, smart people, smart transportation as well as the dimensions of cultural development, innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship are also open to development. This detailed study presents a crucial understanding of the key basic research topics/themes in smart cities, emphasizing the restrictions of the latest improvements and potential further aspects. The results of this research might be used in SIMURG_CITIES to assess/evaluate urban development models by related target groups such as smart city policymakers/planners/developers to prefer the best appropriate tools for their requirements, can be used as a foundation for performing future crucial analyses of assessment/evaluation framework, may also lead the performance-based development and assessment of sustainable and sophisticated solutions in the future.
Acknowledgement
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs
, 2 Prof. Dr. Alaattin Kanoğlu 
