The Presence of Modernist Architecture in Government's Educational Buildings at Lefkoşa

Modernist architecture movement of the buildings in any city reflects the modernity of that city. Lefkoşa as a modern city faced many conflicts in the last century. The governmental buildings illustrate how modernism in architecture was defined and reflected in the buildings of the city. The aim of this paper is to explore the modernism movement in architecture influence on educational governmental buildings in Lefkoşa for first half in 20th century. The paper focuses on the ideas and experiences of modernist architects in first half of 20th century to apply modernism elements, and relationship between architecture form and functionalism in governmental buildings. Methodology frame work elucidated to conduct the subject. Two School buildings have been selected from the first half of twentieth century in Lefkoşa as case studies for modernist architecture. ‘Lefkoşa türk lisesi' designed by ‘Ahmet vural Bahaedden', which was the one of famous modernist architects in Cyprus and ‘Şehit Ertuğrul Ilkokulu'. The buildings architectural elements analyzed in both schools to demonstrate relation between site, interior space, functionality and environmental response, based on using their modern material and character. The paper concluded that the educational buildings hold strong elements of the modernist architecture in Lefkoşa and demonstrate how the elements of modernism were involved functionally in the design. The findings contribute useful evidence about the existence of modernism philosophy in architecture in Lefkoşa in the first half of twentieth century.


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it was affected with European architecture in first of 20 th century. Many modern buildings are built in /HINRüD in that time. Over time modernist architecture replace with other styles in architecture and modernist elements changed or became meaningless because of another adding elements. Governmental buildings were less affected with these deformations and the modernist architecture appears more than another buildings.
Schools are crucial buildings of a society and indicator of its development. Schools as a building with special character were always one of the most momentous projects for architectural thinking because of their multi functions and elements. The aim of this paper is to explore the modernism movement influence on Educational governmental buildings. The paper tries to evaluate the effects of the modern elements for school buildings design on first half of 20th century. Functionality will be second factor to evaluate the effects of modernism. Many buildings represent modernism in /HINRüD but over time they lost their character as a modern building or they change with another style. The research assigned few questions to be answered. How much Modernist Architecture elements presence in Modernist feature of Educational Buildings in /HINRüD" How much Modernist Elements are functional today? The paper hypothesizes that if the educational buildings from beginning of twentieth century until today have the elements of modern architecture, then that shows the presence of modernism philosophy in architecture in the city since that period.

Literature Review 2.1. Modern Architecture History
7KH WHUP ¶0RGHUQ· GHPRQVWUDWHV FRPELQDWLRQ RI functionalism and aesthetic through movements in twentieth century which deny traditional and historical ruling on that period (Robinson, 2003).
In the first half of 19 th century while, modernism applied in the art and literature, start to refuse religion and history in Enlightenment period. In Europe, one of the most important perspectives of modern movement was criticism of the tradition and religion. In fact, the idea of modernism finds out in renaissance, but become more popular in Enlightenment era. Scientific look forward for future instead of past to improve the society and their life, as a result churches lost their place in society (Zabihi, 2010

Movement in the world
Modernism is the most important movement of the 20 th century, in architecture related to function of building and using new materials. It has been called as international modern after

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-RKQVRQ·V PRGHUQLVW DUFKLWHFWXUH exhibition in 1932 in America. The modernism is determining by; building always introduced by cubic or cylinder shapes with flat roofs, using reinforced concrete in the facade with white or cream color without any ornamentation, as well as steel and glass sheet are used in the building with horizontal large windows and open interior plans. The two pioneer of modern movement in architecture design were Walter Gropius in 1883-1969and Le Corbusier in1887-1965. (Savio, 2006.
Le Corbusier was one of the Pioneers of the PRGHUQ PRYHPHQW LQ ·V DQG RQH RI WKH PRVW famous architects in the history of modern movement. His effects on the architecture as well as on the art continues until today in the world. Chandigarh is one of the remarkable experiences of urban planning in 20 th century. It is only the one in whole urban design of le Corbusier which had been built; also it is the place of many of his significant architectural design. The city of Chandigarh was blooming the modernism architectural movement in all over the India. It became famous for its modern architecture and landscaping. Most of the buildings were designed with cubical form; respect the proportion of human body with building scale and details. The city was combined with several sectors; the area of each sector was 800by 1200 meter (Tungare, 2001). He designed many buildings in Chandigarh with different categories. Colleges and Schools were important part of his design in the city. The  Walter Gropius is another pioneer of modern movement and founder of Bauhaus school of architecture (Amen, 2017). Impington Village College (1938College ( -1939

Elements of Modernism in Architecture
The modern movement elements are: absence of ornament, decorative molding strongly simplified and buildings introduced by simplicity in design. The convergence of touching surfaces between vertical and horizontal are sharp and clear, horizontal and vertical lines create rectangular form for the plans, flat roofs, most of the plans have meandering one story.
Introducing new and modern material and systems such as steel column was using directly as an obvious elements to show the simplicity and functionality, concrete block is used for finishing material, truces with long span steel provide open spaces free from columns, direct solar heating system provide comfortably for occupant. Also traditional materials such as wood, brick and stone are used in building in a simple way to demonstrate the simplicity in modern aesthetic. All the material is stayed with natural character to reflects the honestly of materials. The interrelation between indoor and outdoor explained the transparency of large windows allows visual connection between site with natural landscape and building. The more important element is open plan that provide a big interior space in the building. Shading elements also applied in the building to increase human comfort. The modern building designed efficient (Jones, 2011).

History of Modern School Design in modern movement period
'XULQJ ·V WR ·V PDQ\ VFKRROV ZHUH EXLOW with the same criteria and methods of design from the last periods, however the interest for the newer models of education were increasing. As much as the tendency was growing, the new model of schools was more appearance. Through guidance of several people such as Maria Montessori in Italy and John Dewey in the U.S by support the educational development theories which cause form the basis of many current educational until today. In addition to this educational Progressivism, several architects start to support these new ideas of schools. Many significant schools were built by innovative DUFKLWHFWV RI WKDW WLPH VXFK DV $OYDU $DOWR·V Tehtaanmaki School (1937), Richard Neutra were built many modern school buildings during the ·V DQG Impington Village College (1939) by Walter Gropius. These schools were known as the ¶RSHQ DLU VFKRRO· PRYHment, because of the importance of design were in indoor air quality, natural light, strong connection between inside and outside and proper circulation inside the school building. The best sample of this architectural movement could be the adult learning center (Impington Village College) built by Walter Gropius which the windows is the connection between ceiling and floors. This school building still in use and is the best school building in England. This model of design could easily apply in the classroom design of today (Baker, 2012).

Ahmet Vural Bahaedden (1927-1993)
During Industrialization and blooming of Modernist movement in the world, local architecture in island also has been affected by this architectural movement.

Discussion
Theoretical analysis and critics have been applied on both buildings regarding the uses of modernist character in them. The table shows the comparison between both buildings basis on the similar elements used in the both buildings.

Conclusion
/HINRüD as a capital of North Cyprus was one of the modern cities in the beginning of twentieth century. Several modern architectures had been designed by modernist architects that time.
Many buildings changed under the order of clients afterward. Governmental buildings were less affected with these deformations and the modernist architecture were appearing in them more than other buildings. The paper conducted two questions to investigate that; how much modernist architecture elements presence in style of educational buildings in /HINRüD" How modernist elements were functionally succeeded to be introduced in the design? To evaluate the effects of the modern elements for school buildings design on first half of 20th century in /HINRüD the paper conducted comparing method between two modern architectural schools in the city of /HINRüD Identifying the main elements of modernist movement in architecture generally and see how they introduced in the design. The findings demonstrate that there is a clear modernist architecture in educational buildings inside /HINRüD UHWXUQV WR WKH HUD RI PRGHUQLVW movement in architecture for the first half of twentieth century. In the same time there are partial defects in respecting the environmental principles in those buildings which could reduce the efficiency of architectural elements in the buildings. As future study the investigation about another type of buildings (residential, commercial or even other governmental buildings) will fortify the findings of this study.