Urban Planning as an Extension of War Planning
The Case of Shenyang, China, 1898-1966
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4677Keywords:
Urban Morphology; Chinese History; Space Syntax; Military Event.Abstract
War-city relationships had long been studied by scholars regarding wars’ sudden impact on cities. Studies typically focused on one specific event’s impact on urban military, politics, economy, or society. This approach, however, treated war’s impact on cities as only temporary, hindered opportunities to reveal multiple political regimes’ spatial competition through war-oriented city planning and construction, which is crucial for city development, and their resultant urban form changes through time. In response, this study has examined city planning and construction activities during the short time gaps between multiple military conflicts, with various military objectives, and conducted by different political regimes in Shenyang, China. In accordance with archival research, a space syntax axis analysis has been used to quantify spatial dynamics throughout war-peace-war cycles to explore the impact of military-oriented planning on city-scaled development. We have found these planning strategies, initiated by specific military goals, acted as extensions of war planning, segregating the city and causing urban fragmentation. They also acted as a driving factor which promoted modernization of the city in the early 20th century. We conclude that wars oriented planning can alter a city’s development track and impact its structure and form through the creation of internally connected but isolated urban districts.
Copyright © 2018 Journal Of Contemporary Urban Affairs.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, B., Hasan, R., & Maniruzzaman, K. M. (2014). Urban morphological change analysis of Dhaka city, Bangladesh, using space syntax. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 3(4), 1412-1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041412
Alexander, I. (2000). The post-war city. In The Australian metropolis: a planning history (pp.98-112). New York, NY: Routlege.
Bafna, S. (2003). Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 35(1), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502238863
Bishop, R., Clancey, G. (2008). The City-as-Target, or Perpetuation and Death. In Cities, War, and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics (pp. 54–74). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470753033.ch3
Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., Schramm, M. (2004). The strategic bombing of German cities during World War II and its impact on city growth. Journal of Economic Geography, 4(2), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/4.2.201
Henriot, C. (2006). Shanghai and the experience of war: The fate of refugees. European Journal of East Asian Studies, 5(2), 215-245. https://doi.org/10.1163/157006106778869306
Wesseling, H.L. (1989). Colonial wars: An introduction. In Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa (pp.1-11). Leiden, The Netherlands: E.J. Brill: Universitaire pers Leide.
Diefendorf, J.M. (1993). In the wake of war: the reconstruction of German cities after World War II. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0195072197. https://doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1994.9949002
Froy, F.E. (2016). Understanding the spatial organisation of economic activities in early 19th century Antwerp. The Journal of Space Syntax, 6(2), 225-246.
Gaubatz, P. (1999). China’s urban transformation: patterns and processes of morphological change in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Urban studies, 36(9), 1495-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098992890
Giannopoulou, M., Roukounis, Y., & Stefanis, V. (2012). Traffic network and the urban environment: an adapted space syntax approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 48, 1887-1896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1163
Glaeser, E.L., Shapiro, J.M. (2002). Cities and Warfare: The Impact of Terrorism on Urban Form. Journal of Urban Economics, 51(2), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.2001.2262
Graham, S. (2004). Introduction: Cities, Warfare, and States of Emergency, Cities as Strategic Sites: Place Annihilation and Urban Geopolitics. In Cities, War and Terrorism: Towards an Urban Geopolitics (pp. 1-25 and 31-54). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Griffiths, S. (2012, January). The use of space syntax in historical research: current practice and future possibilities. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Space Syntax Symposium (pp. 1-26). http://sss8.cl/8193.pdf
Griffiths, S. (2011). Temporality in Hillier and Hanson's theory of spatial description: Some implications of historical research for space syntax. The Journal of Space Syntax, 2(1), 73-96.
Haar, C. M. (1955). In accordance with a comprehensive plan. Harvard Law Review, 68(7), 1154-1175. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2307/1337692
Hardy, D. (1989). War, planning and social change: The example of the garden city campaign,1914–1918. Planning Perspective, 4(2),187-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665438908725679
Henriot, C. (2012). Slums, squats, or hutments? Constructing and deconstructing an in-between space in modern Shanghai (1926–65). Frontiers of History in China, 7(4), 499-528. https://doi.org/10.3868/s020-001-012-0030-5
Henriot, C. (2017). 'Little Japan' in Shanghai: An insulated community, 1875-1945. In New frontiers Imperialism’s new communities in east Asia, 1842–1953. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. ISBN: 9780719089329. https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526119742.00017
Hillier, B., Hanson, J., & Graham, H. (1987). Ideas are in things: an application of the space syntax method to discovering house genotypes. Environment and Planning B: planning and design, 14(4), 363-385. https://doi.org/10.1068/b140363
Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993). Natural movement: or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement. Environment and Planning B: planning and design, 20(1), 29-66. https://doi.org/10.1068/b200029
Hillier, W. R. G., Hanson, J., & Peponis, J. (1987). Syntactic analysis of settlements. Architecture et comportement/Architecture and Behaviour, 3(3), 217-231. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/86/1/hillier-etal-1987-synactic-analysis-settlements.pdf
Wilson, D. (1982). When Tigers Fight: The Story of the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945 (p. 94). New York, NY: Viking Press.
Hou, Y. B., Zhang, F. H., 2001. The Theme in the Development of Chinese Modern Architecture (1840—1949): Typological Mode uurbanization. In Anthology of 2000 International Conference on Modern History of Chinese Architecture (pp. 3-10). Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Express.
Hata, I. (1988). Continental Expansion, 1905–1941. The Cambridge History of Japan, 6, 271-314. https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521223577.007
Jian, W. (2010). A Review of the Aggressive Activities of the Japanese Kwantung Army in Northeast China before the September 18th Incident. Journal of Liaoning Normal University (Social Science Edition), 33(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1751.2010.01.026
Leng, H., Yuan, Q. (2007). Urban Planning Ideas in Modern Northeast China and Its Edification. Shidai Jianzhu, (6), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-684X.2007.06.005
Lv, H. P., Zhu, Y. G. (2012). The Urban Planning and Land Management of the Commercial Port in Fengtian in Modern Time, Architecture & Culture, (6), 68-69.
Lotchin, R.W. (2003). The Bad City in the Good War: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Diego (pp. 5). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN-10: 9780253215468.
Mair, V.H. (2008). The Art of War: Sun Zi’s Military Methods (pp. xi-xxv). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Nelson, M.K. (2012). Ruin nation: destruction and the American Civil War (pp. 10-60). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. ISBN: 9780820343792.
Nish, I. (2014). The origins of the Russo-Japanese war (pp.17). New York, NY: Routledge.
Omer, I., Zafrir-Reuven, O. (2010). Street patterns and spatial integration of Israeli cities. The Journal of Space Syntax, 1(2), 295. http://128.40.150.106/joss/index.php/joss/article/view/280/pdf_24
Penn, A. (2003). Space syntax and spatial cognition: or why the axial line? Environment and behavior, 35(1), 30-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502238864
Qian, Z. (2016). Political campaigns and urban transformation in Maoist China, 1949–1976. International Development Planning Review, 38(2), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2016.6
Read, S. (1999). Space syntax and the Dutch city. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 26(2), 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1068/b4425
Sanso-Navarro, M., Sanz, F., & Vera-Cabello, M. (2015). The impact of the American Civil War on city growth. Urban Studies, 52(16), 3070-3085. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014553553
Schachtschabel, N. (Ed.). (2005). Cities & eyes: bronnenboek (pp. 272). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN: 9053567895.
Srinurak, N., & Mishima, N. (2017). Urban Axis and City shape evaluation through spatial configuration in ‘Lan Na’Northern Thailand Historic city. City, Territory and Architecture, 4(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-017-0067-z
Tang, W. S. (2000). Chinese urban planning at fifty: an assessment of the planning theory literature. Journal of Planning Literature, 14(3), 347-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/08854120022092700
Tietze, W. O. L. F. (2003). Fifty Years of Railways in Manchuria: A Contribution to the Study of Transport Development in the Far East. Promet Traffic-Traffico, 15(3), 161-165. https://docplayer.net/82561970-Fifty-years-of-railways-in-manchuria.html
Treat, P. J. (1940). Shanghai, January 28, 1932. Pacific Historical Review, 9(3), 337-343. https://doi.org/10.2307/3632911
Wright, Q. (1955). The Chinese Recognition Problem. American Journal of International Law, 49(3), 320-338. https://doi.org/10.2307/2194862
Wu, L., Liu, X., Ye, X., Leipnik, M., Lee, J., & Zhu, X. (2015). Permeability, space syntax, and the patterning of residential burglaries in urban China. Applied Geography, 60, 261-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.001
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
