Learning from Resilience: Cities towards a Self-Organizing System

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4686

Keywords:

resilience, adaptive cycle, city, living organism, self-organizing system

Abstract

The study exploits the development of a new field of research with the aim of reading uncertainty and transformation at cities by revealing resilience systems thinking theory for urban studies. The paper first generates understanding the resilience framework and its critical identities. Secondly, the city is introduced as a complex living organicism. Here the complexity of cities is conducted in the context of a self-organizing organism while conserving their spatial structure, function and identity. At this juncture; cities and their built environment are proposed in the framework of ‘being able to absorb uncertain perturbation and adapt itself through an adaptive cycle;  of which key attributes of resilience is figured out a novel method for urban studies to be used to detain the taxonomies of uncertainty at the identity of the built environment. The study is concluded by impelling resilience as novel frontier thinking for postulating the ways of assessing a self-organizing city thinking towards the uncertainty of change.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alexander , D.E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: An etymological journey, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2707–2716. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013 .

Batty, M., and Marshall, S. (2009). Centenary paper: The evolution of cities: Geddes, Abercrombie and the new physicalism, Town Planning Review, 80(6), 551-574. https://doi.org/103828/tpr.2009.12 .

Bettencourt, L. M. A. (2013). The Kind of Problem a City Is, SFI working paper: 03-008. Retrieved from URL: https://www.santafe.edu .

Bogunovich, D. (2014). The Sustainable City VII: Urban Sustainability 2.0: Resilient regions, sustainable sprawl and green infrastructure, Vol. 1, 3-10, Southhampton: WIT Press.

Brueau, M, Chang S.E., Eguchi, R.T., Lee, G.C., O’Rourke, T.D.O., Reinhorn, A.M., Shinozuka M., Tierney K., Wallace W. A., and Wibterfeldt D. (2003). A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities, Earthquake Spectra, 19 (4), 733–52. https://doi.org/10/1193/1.1623497

Bunse, L. (undated). The importance of ecosystem resilience and phase shifts for biodiversity management. Retrieved from URL: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Carlson, L., Bassett, G., Buehring W., Collins M., Folga S., Haffenden B., Petit, F., Phillips J., Verner D., and Whitfield R. ( 2012). Resilience Theory and Applications, ANL/DIS-12-1, Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved from URL:https://publications.anl.gov.1-7

Carroll, S. (2009). Are Cities Just Very Large Organisms?. Retrieved from URL: http://www.blogs.discovermagazine.com

Chelleri, L. (2012). From The Resilient City» to Urban Resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems Documents, d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58 (2), 278-306. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/dag.175

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition (2014). HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014.

Cumming, G. S., and Collier, J. (2005). Change and identity in complex systems, Ecology and Society, 10(1),29 . (online)URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/art29

Davoudi S. (2012). Resilience: A bridging concept or a dead end?, Planning Theory and Practice, 13(2), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.10.80/14649357.2012.677124 .

Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T. , Gunderson, L., Holling, C.S and Walker B. (2002). Resilience and Sustainable Development: Building Adaptive Capacity in a World of Transformations, Ambio, 31(5), 437- 440. URL: http://www.ambio.kva.se, Retrieved from URL: http://www.citeerx.ist.psu.edu

Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social–ecological Systems Analyses, Global Environmental Change, Resilience (Vulnerability, and Adaptation: A Cross-Cutting Theme of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change), 16 (3), 253–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.003 .

Gallopin G.C. (2006).Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity, Global Environmental Change ,16(3), 293–303. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.004

Gandy, M., (2004).Rethinking urban metabolism: Water, space and the modern city.

City, 8(3), 363-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360481042000313509

Garcia, E. J. (2013). The Application of Ecological Resilience to Urban Landscapes, PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington. Retrieved from URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10063/30/34

Geddes, P. (1913).Two steps in civics: cities and town planning exhibition and the international congress of cities, Town Planning Review, 4(2), 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.4.2.g0x027743vp43033

Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in evolution: An Introduction ot the town planning Movement and to the study of Civics, London: Williams &Norgate. URL : http://citiesinevolution00gedduoft

Genkai-Kato, M. (2007). Regime shifts: catastrophic responses of ecosystems to human impacts, Ecological Research, 22(2), 214-219. https://doi.org/1007/s11284-0060304-5

Gilbert, S.W. (2010). Disaster Resilience: A Guide to the Literature, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Special Publication 1117

Greene, R.R. (2002). Resiliency: An integrated approach to practice, policy, and research. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers Press.

Gunderson, L.H. (2000). Ecological Resilience—In Theory and Application, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31 (1), 425–39. (online) URL: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425

Gunderson, L. H., and Holling, C.S.(eds.) (2002). Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, Island Press.

Gunderson, L.H. (2009). Comparing Ecological and Human Community Resilience, CARRI Research Report 5. Retrieved from URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26268155

Holling, C.S and Goldberg, M.A. (1971). Ecology and Planning, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 34(4), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944367108977962.

Holling, C.S., (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245

Holling, C. S., and Gunderson L. H. (2002). Resilience and adaptive cycles. Pages 25-62 in L. H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling, editors. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems, Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

Howard, E., 1898. Garden Cities of Tomorrow: a peaceful path to read reform, London, Faber and Faber ( Reprinted, edited with a preface by Osborn F.J [1902] and Introduced essay by Mumford L. [London: Faber and Faber, 1946, 50-57, 138-147).

Kahan, J., Allen, A., George, J. , and Thompson, G. (2009). An Operational Framework for Resilience, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 6 (1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1675 .

K’Akumu, O.A. (2007). Sustainability implications of the ecological conceptualisation of urban development, City,11(2), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604810701395829 .

Klein, R. J. T., Nicholls, R. J., and Thomalla, F. (2003). Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? Global Environmental Change Part B: Environmental Hazards, 5(1-2), 35-45. https://doi.org/10/1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001

Kurokaw, K. (1998). From The Machine Age To The Age Of Life, Book Art Ltd.

Laboy, M. and Fannon, D. (2016). Resilience Theory and Praxis: a Critical Framework for Architecture, Enquiry, 13 (1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v13:2.405

Le corbusier (1933, 1964), The Radiant City, London, Faber and Faber.

Ledesma , J. (2014). Conceptual Frameworks and Research Models on Resilience In Leadership, Sage Open, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014545464.

Levin, S. A. (1998). Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems, Ecosystems 1:431-436. https://doi.org/1007/5100219900037.

Levin S. A. (1999). Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons.Reading (MA): Perseus Books.

Longstaff, P.H., Armstrong, N.J., Perrin, K., Parker, W.M, and. Hidek, M.A, (2010). Building Resilient Communities: A Preliminary Framework for Assessment, Homeland Security Affairs, 6(3), 1-23. URL: https://www.hsaj.orglarticles/81 .

Mehaffy, M. and Salingaros, N.A., ( undated). What Does “Resilience” Have to Do With Architecture?. Retrieved from URL: https://www.metropolismag.com

Miller, D.L. (1989). Lewis Mumford: A Life, New York: Weidenfeld &Nicolson.

Morrish J. (2016). Where Does the Word Resilience come from?.

Mumford, L. (1961). The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations and Its Prospects, Harcourt, Brace and World.

Nash, K.l, Allen, C.R., Angeler, D.G., Barichievy, C., and Eason, T. ( 2014). Discontinuities, cross-scale patterns, and the organization of ecosystems, Ecology, 95(3), 654-667. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1315.1

Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, (2010) K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc.

Rocha, J.C, Peterson, G. and Biggs, R. (2014). Regime shifts in Anthropocene: Drivers, Riks and Resilience, PLoS ONE, 10(8)e013 4639. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134639

Samaniego H., and Moses, M.E. (2008). Cities as organisms: Algometric scaling of urban road networks, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 1(1), 21–39. https://dx.doi.org/10.5198/itlu.v1i1.29

Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J.A., Folke, C. and Walker, B. (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems, Nature, 413, 591–596. https://doi.org/10.38/35098000

Schilders, P. (2001). The Organic City: Method or Metaphor? The Meaning of ‘Organic’ in Architecture and Urban Planning, INTI. Retrieved from URL: www.newtowninstutute.org

Sdoutz, F. (2013). Architecture Theory.Net in the making Urban Garden Cities. Retrieved from URL: www.mediaarchitecture.at

Solà-Morales i Rubió, M. (1995). Terrain vagues. In C. Davidson (Ed.), Anyplace Vol. 1, pp. 271., New York: London: MIT Press.

Tange, K. (1960). A Plan For Tokyo 1960. Retrived from URL: http://www.archeyes.com .

Thrush, S.F., Hewitt, J. E., Dayton, P. K., Coco G., Lohrer, A. M., Norkko, A., Norkko, J., and Chiantore,M. (2009).Forecasting the limits of resilience: integrating empirical research with theory, The Royal Society Journal, 276, 3209–3217. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0661

Tierney, K., (2009). Disaster Response: Research Findings and Their Implications for Resilience Measures, CARRI Research Report 6. Retrieved from URL: www.resilientus.org

Zevi, B. (1950). Towards An Organic Architecture, Faber & Faber.

Zhao, J., Zheng, X., Dong, R. and Shao, G. (2013). The planning, construction, and management toward sustainable cities in China needs the environmental internet of things, International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 20(3), 195-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2013.784882

Walker, B. H., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. and Kinzig, A. ( 2004). Resilience, adaptability, and transformability in social-ecological systems, Ecology and Society, 9(2), 5. (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/

Walker, B, and Meyers, J.A. ( 2004). Thresholds in ecological and social-ecological systems: a developing database, Ecology and Society, 9(2), 3. (online) URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art3/

Wahl, D.C. (2017). The adaptive cycle as a dynamic map for resilience thinking. Retrieved from URL: https://medium.com/age-of-awareness.

Wheeler, S. (2004). Planning Sustainable and Livable Cities. New York: Routledge.

Weichselgartner J., and Kelman, I. (2015). Geographies of resilience: Challenges and opportunities of a descriptive concept, Progress in Human Geography, 39(3). 249–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513518834

Downloads

Published

2019-06-01

How to Cite

EKEN, C. (2019). Learning from Resilience: Cities towards a Self-Organizing System. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 3(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4686

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.